"Nirvana" is a Sanskrit term, also translated as Nirdaya, Nirvana, and Nirvana, which can be interpreted as extinction, extinction, tranquility, happiness, non-action, non-birth, liberation, and complete enlightenment. The literal meaning of Nirvana is the dissipation of suffering, achieving freedom and ease. It refers to the cessation of the causes and effects of birth and death, crossing the torrent of birth and death, and reaching the state of enlightenment. In other words, it means the perfection of all virtues and the complete elimination of all afflictions. This is the definition of "Nirvana" in Mahayana Buddhism. In Hinayana Buddhism, it is referred to as "extinction". However, in any case, Nirvana is the other shore that practitioners strive to reach. Due to different levels of practice, the state of Nirvana also varies. Generally speaking, Nirvana can be divided into two realms: with residue and without residue, or complete and incomplete. With residue and without residue are relative terms. When a practitioner attains the fruit of an Arhat, the causes of karmic retribution have been exhausted and will not be subject to future existence, but there is still the existence of karmic retribution in body and mind, so it is called Nirvana with residue. When the body and mind that receive retribution for past life karma are completely extinguished and there is no place to rely on, it is called Nirvana without residue. According to the current transmission of Buddhist teachings, there are three situations: (1) According to the teachings of Hinayana, the delusions and karma of an Arhat have been exhausted, and birth and death have ended, but the physical body still exists. This is called Nirvana with residue or Nirvana with residue as a basis. Specifically, although the causes of birth and death for an Arhat have been exhausted, there is still a dependent physical body within the three realms. When this dependent body naturally dissipates, it is called Nirvana without residue or Nirvana without residue as a basis. (2) According to Mahayana Buddhism, Bodhisattvas also attain Nirvana with residue. Bodhisattvas realize birth and death, but have not yet become Buddhas. This stage is called Nirvana with residue. When Bodhisattvas completely transcend birth and death and attain the Buddha's body, it is called Nirvana without residue. (3) In terms of relative size, the Nirvana without residue in Hinayana Buddhism still has remnants of afflictions and suffering, so it is called with residue. As for the Nirvana without residue in Mahayana Buddhism, it is completely liberated without any remnants, so it is called without residue.
Nirvana
AI Translation
This post is translated from Chinese into English through AI.View Original
AI-generated summary
Nirvana is a Sanskrit word that means "extinction" or "liberation." It is the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice, representing the end of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. There are two types of Nirvana: with remainder and without remainder. With remainder Nirvana is achieved by Arhats, who have eliminated the causes of rebirth but still have a physical body. Without remainder Nirvana is achieved by Buddhas, who have completely transcended the cycle of birth and death. The attainment of Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice.